Difference Between British And South African English Language Essay

Distinction Between British And South African English Language Essay Presentation: I mean to build up regional highlights significance upon the English language. This will happen through distinguishing how regional highlights are brought into discourse, critical contrasts between British English and South African English, just as the potential contrasts in use of vernacular into language. I plan to recognize unmistakable regional highlights in conventional, informal discourse, which are distinctive to English speakers. A correlation of British English and South African English will empower contrasts to be appeared. Inside the discourse, factors will influence the language decision, not generally colloquial factors. These factors incorporate age (grown-ups and Children in the discussion), area of the speakers (where theyre from and area which they right now live) just as the level of class which the speakers are from. I will center upon South Africans (English talking not Afrikaans-the Lingua Franca), the guineas pigs are from the Cape Town zone in South-west South Africa. Along these lines, the South African guineas pigs ought to have numerous similitudes to the British communicating in English guineas pigs. As a result, I expect the primary distinction between the two arrangements of guineas pigs to be lexical because of them being English talking. Examination: Lingo separates language, recognizing area, class and other social limits. The South African language is like the English language, a cosmopolitan, cross breed language, with lexis being drawn from numerous different dialects and societies. Authoritatively there are 11 dialects taking care of into South African [1] from Dutch Afrikaans to English, giving colloquial words, for example, the Afrikaaner word Braai for grill. Usually these words interlink into various dialects with the significance reflected in the embraced language, for example, Dutch to Afrikaans lexis. This is evident through words like Biltong (Afrikaans) and aardvark (Afrikaans) moving to the English language. English is viewed as a Lingua Franca in South Africa, not really the predominant language communicated in language, however rather a language which is a reinforcement language which is constantly spoken in settings where fitting, for instance, English is the global business language, in this way most of business is directed in English. As an outcome Afrikaans speakers utilize English; the most widely used language use in Afrikaans-medium secondary schools in Pretoria revealed that they regularly utilized English words when expressing Afrikaans [2]. Along these lines demonstrating the English dialects predominance because of the capacity to move into various dialects. Thusly, itll be fascinating to check whether the South African language of 11 unique dialects and particular vernaculars moves into the English language as observed with the exchange of French lexis, for example, Entrepreneur, quit or Cafe. Vernaculars structure through alteration of standard of English, changing because of impacts and circumstances. They are a type of articulation, checking independence or having a place with a gathering for example social gathering, for example, level of class (Gentry, center or working). As Peter Trudgill deciphers vernaculars take into account acknowledgment of region of growing up or current living arrangement Other individuals will utilize this data to enable them to choose where we are from㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ [3]. This examination expects to recognize the distinctions of lexical varieties, linguistic contrasts, ways to deal with discourse, length of articulations, and utilization of untouchable and non-familiarity highlights. Information Analysis: The discourse is begun by explanations (revelatory) and questions (inquisitive sentence state of mind), for instance line one of the South African transcript Kieron (.) supper time. The utilization of these sentence states of mind is the run of the mill, standard of presentation for discussion. Moreover the two transcripts include turn-yielding prompts toward the finish of around half of sentences, prompting the development of nearness sets. Subsequently, theres no distinction among English and Southern African English discussions over on how theyre presented or finished recommending this technique is the norm, not satisfying any points of setting up colloquial contrasts. The primary contrast between the tongues of Southern Africa and an English Dialect is a high lexical variety. An unmistakable model is the word robots utilized in Western South Africa to mean Traffic lights. This shows the utilization of various lexis to apply a similar importance as likewise observed through the descriptive word Lekker to mean great or pleasant. Though the transcript demonstrates the English lingo to utilize +degree qualifiers strengthening the descriptor the food is singed instead of the Southern African these crunchies are lekker. The South African lexis doesnt depend upon intensifiers rather having more grounded regional words to replace two words, while the word Crunchies is a bit of South African lexis for Flapjack. Things have been utilized with enunciations for both English discourse and South African discourse. Formal people, places or things for both English and South African havent included the articulation of s except for General engines' which said uniquely all alone. In any case, normal things are fluctuated in both English and in Southern African. Solid things, for example, Takkies or Pants both component the expression of s, yet solid things like Lappie havent highlighted an emphasis. This component of communicated in language is reflected in the English transcript with solid things, for example, apples wafers. This shows no contrast between the South African and British English tongue in the utilization of enunciations, not assisting with understanding the language examination. Modifiers dont will in general have enunciations, for example, additions added to them in either lingos. The two tongues need postfixes, for example, - en to give modifiers a local placer, assisting with deciding the territory or social class from which the guineas pigs are in or dwell from. The South African transcript utilizes descriptors, for example, slow pre-adjusting things like any ordinary utilization of modifiers. While, the English transcript likewise applies descriptors use; for example well absurdly modest. This shows there is pretty much nothing if no distinction between employments of descriptive words between these two unique tongues, recommending it again to be the norm. As a result neither discrediting nor demonstrating a recognizable distinction between the tongues. While, intensifiers are likewise comparative with no genuine perceptible contrast between the two distinct vernaculars. Neither vernaculars as examined before appear to utilize postfixes onto the verb modifiers for example gradually. Intensifiers have been utilized in the two lingos as deciphered demonstrating the qualifiers to strengthen or depict way, spot or time, as observed by absurdly modest. As observed previously, this doesnt distinguish regional contrasts, which means the points satisfied. Be that as it may, there is a distinction in pronoun structure between the two transcripts and vernaculars. The English vernacular transcript centers upon object individual pronouns for example I didnt know this, while the South African transcript principally utilizes subject individual pronouns (I) (we). In any case, this may not be a provincial contrast due to being in various conditions with them both being on various points due to not being scripted. In this way it neither affirms nor negates colloquial contrasts in discourse. The South African transcripts shows dynamic action words utilized with past tense expressions of - ed just as current state affectations of - e: I slacked Whereas the English transcript likewise shows the utilization of dynamic action words, however just in the past tense. Like the South African Dynamic action words, it depicts the activity having just happened. Be that as it may, neither of these expressions are vernacular explicit, for example, an Eastern English lingo of he walk. Along these lines, this doesnt help to recognize provincial highlights in communicated in language. The articulation length is higher in the English transcript on normal when contrasted with the South African, recommending lingo may influence length of expression. Be that as it may, there are more speakers (5) when contrasted with (4) inside the South African talk; in this manner almost certainly, every speaker will have a shorter length of discourse because of some type of interference by another speaker. As a result, this clues articulation length might be a colloquial component; anyway it is bound to have been profoundly impacted by the measure of speakers. Along these lines not so much being a valuable bit of information. The transcripts have recorded various highlights of non-familiarity signifiers, demonstrating that tongue may cause distinctive non-familiarity highlights. The South African transcript takes note of the high utilization of fillers and different pieces of unscripted discourse, for example, facework like the facilitive label question youre dazzling (.) arent you. voice filled delays happen where the speaker reacts, yet doesnt give a reasonable answer. While the British English transcript shows a serious high utilization of bogus beginnings and reusing in discourse dissimilar to the South African transcript. This unmistakably shows the two lingos have certain non-familiarity highlights; anyway they differ and may simply be halfway tongue explicit. It is clear the principle contrast between these transcripts and vernaculars is lexical variety. This isn't generally astounding because of the South African guineas pigs being English spoken. English South Africa is immensely impacted by western media for example American TV programs. The main genuine approach to explain these discoveries of tongue not being massively unique between British English and western South African is to embrace a lot more tests to check whether there is unwavering quality in the outcomes or on the off chance that it shows a more extensive subject in that capacity. CUT = This end is rehashed using negatives, where neither one of the dialects show strange utilization of negatives, subsequently not giving a recognizable distinction, which means no reasonable end can be drawn from these outcomes.

Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Corporate Strategy - Essay Example It is an organization possessed by Dipti Mahapatra in India and has been in the business for near two decades. Having begun in the year 1988, this organization began as a little unit with four tailors and has now proceeded to get one of the most esteemed names in inside design in the province of Orissa. The interest for Dipti’s items developed and there was a business opportunity for inside enrichment. By 1993, Dipti was caught up with undertaking a few turnkey ventures for complete outfitting of visitor houses, inns, just as the Governor’s living arrangements in the province of Orissa. Orissa is a little state in the Eastern piece of India. It is cut off from any significant advancement that happens somewhere else in the nation. For this reasons, Dipti needed to move. Following are the issues that she has experienced: Prior to setting out the proper game plan, it is important to comprehend the components that will be engaged with the technique that has been grown later in the paper, from the point of view of the organization. This will assist us with understanding the specific use of the speculations through the length and expansiveness of the paper. A significant piece of Dipti’s game plan must incorporate after a procedure dependent on increasing upper hand just as accomplishing feasible innovative development. Let us initially look at upper hand to perceive how and where it will fit in with the general development and extension of the Anukul gathering. Michael E Porter has made ready for progressive strategising patterns and a totally different point of view on rivalry through his upper hand hypothesis. In the corporate world, Porters first book Competitive Strategy (1980), which he wrote in his thirties, turned into a worldwide smash hit, and is viewed as a definitive bit of work on corporate procedure. The book, which has been distributed in nineteen dialects and re-printed moving toward multiple times, changed the way business leaders’ minds worked. Further,

Tips For Grading

Tips For Grading Member exclusive. Subscribe to access this resource. Julie Mason, Head of Content and Curriculum, designed this workbook in order to share best practices for grading and assessment. She shares six strategies that making grading less time-consuming and more impactful for students. She also includes her favorite formative assessments for students. Table of Contents Why We Created This Workbook Create Comment Banks Use Report Card Comments Assign And Grade In Batches Try Focus Area Revisions Use Grading Checklists Invest In Highlighters And Create A Code Formative Assessments For Students by Julie Mason Grade: K |||||||||||| using the button below. Buy Now on TeachersPayTeachers */

Albert Bandura s Social Psychology - 2061 Words

Although the study of psychology has been going on for centuries, many of the first psychologists have done their work in the field, and passed. There are many people who thrive and are in awe of the work done by the previous psychologists that these people have decided to dedicate their life in this study, and continue learning how the human mind works. After looking into many modern day psychologist, I chose Albert Bandura, who studies social psychology. Social psychology deals with social interactions, including its origins and the effects on the individual. Some previous psychologists who have studied social psychology would be Phillip Zambardo and B.F Skinner. Albert Bandura has devoted his life to the study of psychology. Although†¦show more content†¦In 1952, Varns and Bandura were married and they have two daughters, Mary and Carol. After finishing high school, Bandura worked for Yukon filling holes in the Alaskan Highway. Bandura had noticed that most of the men he worked with had escaped from things in the world such as the draft board and even probation officers. This was when he had noticed that there are so many different characteristics of people in the world which made him interested in the psychopathology of life. Right after working for Yukon, Bandura went onto the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. Considering his only way to get to school was to commute with medical students who started the day early, he had no choice but to take classes that started in the morning, which was psychology. His intended major was biology, but in the end, this one psychology class captivated his interests, so he changed his major to psychology. In 1949, three years later, Bandura graduated with a psychology degree. Being the top psychology student, he won the Bolocan Award in Psychology. Next in his journey, Bandura went onto the University of Iowa for his graduate study of psychology. In 1952, he ordained with his PhD. While studying for his doctorate, he became interested in the learning theory and behaviorists. In 1953, Bandura took a job at Stanford University as a psychology

Complicated Justice in Moby Dick and Billy Budd by Herman...

Complicated Justice in Moby Dick and Billy Budd by Herman Melville Donald Yannella, author of New Essays on Billy Budd, says that â€Å"at the heart lies an obsession with justice, as is exhibited in Herman Melville’s classics, Moby Dick and Billy Budd, Sailor. Herman Melville was an American author born on August 1, 1819 in New York, New York. The author wrote many books and penned poetry in his later years. Best known for his novel Moby Dick, Melville was not regarded as one of America’s greatest writers until after his death on September 28, 1891. Not achieving his dream job, and with his family in shambles, he boarded the St Lawrence in 1839. His time spent at sea would prove to be useful, as the majority of his books take place on the high seas. His most famous book, Moby Dick, features the observant narrator, Ishmael, aboard the Pequot, a ship captained by the menacing one-legged Captain Ahab. Having lost his limb in a previous voyage to an enormous sperm whale named Moby Dick, Ahab scans the seven seas in manic search of revenge against the giant. Queequeg, Ishmael’s menacing best friend, and the rest of the crew are subjected to extreme jeopardy and later death due to Ahab’s monomaniacal disregard for bad omens and danger. The whale slices the boat clean in half and none survive to tells of its greatness except Ishmael. Left unfinished at Melville’s death in1891, Billy Budd, Sailor was not published until 1921. Raymond M Weaver found it in manuscript form while

Literary Criticism of Atonement from Psychological Trauma View Free Essays

In seventeen century, â€Å"† was a Greek word which means â€Å"wound†. Later, Sigmund Freud in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries used it to describe a kind of mental damage that occurs as a result of distressing and disturbing events or experiences. When a person is facing such highly stressful events analyzing and coping with it is not an easy process. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Criticism of Atonement from Psychological Trauma View or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper we consider the topic of psychological trauma in Atonement by Ian McEwan, defining first of all the concept and then studying its processes of formation and effects on the main character, Briony Tallis. According to Pearlman and Saakvitne, psychological trauma is an event which is a special experience of a person that needs to be confronted. As a matter of fact, â€Å"The individual’s ability to integrate his/her emotional experience is overwhelmed, or the individual’s experiences (subjectively) a threat to life, bodily integrity, or sanity† (p.60). Also, Jon Allen, a psychologist, in his A Guide to Self-Understanding (1995) said that: â€Å"It is the subjective experience of the objective events that constitutes the trauma†¦The more you believe you are endangered, the more traumatized you will be. [†¦] Psychologically, the bottom line of trauma is overwhelming emotion and a feeling of utter helplessness. There may or may not be bodily injury, but psychological trauma is coupled with physiological upheaval that plays a leading role in the long-range effects† (p.14). Psychologists categorized trauma into two groups: physical trauma based on serious physical damages or shocks to the body from war, physical injury, sexual abuse, illness, torture, rape, and genocide; emotional or psychological trauma is based on the inability to recover the full mental capacities of an individual, either in his personal or social life or any emotional shock or injury that cause a sentimental damage to spirit health. It can range from depression, anxiety, different kinds of phobias to post traumatic stress disorder. Therefore, trauma is among those things that happen in everyday life which a person can experience by itself or witness of serious injuries, violence even death, putting the individual into a terrible situation followed by fear, helplessness or horror. In fact, trauma is not the event itself but the effect that has on the person like, Brioney’s belief about the event that happen in fountain. Atonement is a metafiction novel written by Ian Russell McEwan in 2001. Its events occurred in three different periods of time: firstly, in 1935 in England at Tallis family’s building, secondly during World War II in England and France, thirdly nowadays in England. The story tells about a huge mistake that an upper-class girl committed as a teenager that led to destroy lives. This thirteen years’ girl had a big imagination as a young writer. As an adult she always wanted to confess that event but this process did not happen until she completed her novel as an aged author, at last, in England. That mistake influenced on her life and also her style of writing until her novel ended with a kind of imaginary situation that gave her a chance to make up for her mistake. Ian McEwan was born in 1948 in England. His father was an alcohol addict and had spousal abuse toward his mother and the most interesting things about his life, is that Ian’s mother suffered from vascular dementia, the same disease that Brioney Tallis – the heroine of Atonement – also suffered from. To start with the novel â€Å"Atonement†, events began with a kind of misunderstanding that occurred for Brioney. Her sister, Cecilia, came to fountain while Robbie, their servant’s boy, was watching her almost bare body. Her sister looks ashamed and wear her clothes in front of him. Brioney was in her puberty age and didn’t know about sexual relationship as well, so she thought that if he is watching Cecilia in that situation, there must be something wrong about his behavior. She could not cope with this event and her mind was busy with it during that day. On the other hand, somewhere Brioney was telling her memory about his love experience to her friend. We could realize that she loved Robbie as a child while she did not know about sexual relationship and her love was pure. She threw herself into a deep river to see Robbie’s reaction and measure his feeling toward herself. It is almost clear that she was jealous of Cecilia and when she understands that Robbie tends to her sister, this makes her idea stronger about Robbie and his sexual problem. Brioney was under a pressure of event in the fountain which another event happened. Robbie gives Brioney a letter to render her sister which was containing sexual words about Cecilia’s body. She reads that letter without permission before give it to her sister and it causes to be sure about her belief. She could not cope with it and talks about it with her cousin, Lola, they found Robbie as a sex maniac and decides to protect Cecilia against him. At night, Brioney saw Cecilia and Robbie in the library in the middle of their sexual affair that made a great shock for her. She thought that they committed a huge mistake that she never could realize it so her behavior against Robbie changed, became aggressive, and started to hate him. During dinner the family realized that the twin cousins are gone so all of them went to the woods to find them. In the woods, Brioney saw a rape against Lola under a flashlight in her hands. For the second time she experienced a huge shock in one night and these stressful and disturbing chain of events made her nervous and caused that she connected all of her experiences with each other without thinking and saw Robbie as a sex offender. It was obvious that Brioney did not experience a rape and were just a witness but this subject caused a great fear and shock for a teenager in her age of puberty so she could not have recognized and distinguished true situations. This psychological trauma was a reason which she could not able to think carefully about what she saw and her mind automatically omitted a part of her observation. She professed that Robbie was the person who act that rape and caused his detection. By continuing the novel, it become clear that as Brioney grows up, her mind is busy about past events and doubt her witness. She becomes a nurse during the war to reduces her sense of sin and when suddenly see a news about the engagement between Lola and Paul Marshal, who came to their house with her brother in the year that those events happened, her mind becomes active and she tries to remember the exact things which occurred those days. At last, after passing about five years from her fearful experience, she could recall her memories in peaceful situation and remembers the face of person who act rape, it was Paul Marshal. She wants to make up her mistake and withdraw her testimony but it was too late for Robbie and Cecilia because both died in the war so she uses her talent in writing a novel as a means of confessing. Brioney experienced a psychological trauma during her young ages of her life that made an irreparable mental damages for her whole life. Therefore by seeing the effects of psychological trauma in the all aspect of main character’s life, can be concluded that trauma can puts serious effects on individual’s mental and physical health that accompanies an individual for his/her entire life.Citation:McEwan, Ian. Atonement. Random House, 2005.Ellam, Julie. Ian McEwan’s Atonement. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009.Pitt, Daniela. The representation of trauma in Ian McEwan’s novels† Atonement† and† Saturday†. Diss. 2010.†What Is Psychological Trauma?† Sidran.org, www.sidran.org/resources/for-survivors-and-loved-ones/what-is-psychological-trauma/. â€Å"what is trauma?† https://us.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/11559_Chapter_1.pdf†Emotional and Psychological Trauma.† Emotional and Psychological Trauma: Healing from Trauma and Moving On, www.helpguide.org/articles/ptsd-trauma/coping-with-emotional-and-psychological-trauma.htm. How to cite Literary Criticism of Atonement from Psychological Trauma View, Papers

Should we have Dropped the Atomic Bomb Essay Example For Students

Should we have Dropped the Atomic Bomb? Essay Should we have Dropped the Atomic Bomb? Essay The atomic bomb killed many innocent people, but it was necessary to end World War II. After World War II began in 1939, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt announced the neutrality of the United States. Many people in the United States thought that their country should stay out of the war. The people wanted the Allied Forces to have the victory. President Roosevelt also wanted an Allied victory because an Axis victory might endanger democracies everywhere. The United States equipped nations fighting the Axis with ships, tanks, aircraft, and other war materials. The Axis did not like this. Japan wanted to take over China, but China refused. China was led by Chiang Kai-Shek at the time. Japan wanted the United States to stop sending China supplies, but the United States refused. The United States opposed the expansion of Japan in Asia, so they cut off important exports to Japan. General Hideki Tojo was the Premiere of Japan. He and other Japanese leaders did not like the fact that Americans were sending war supplies to China and other countries in Asia. A surprise attack was ordered by Japan on December 7, 1941. The target was the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. 360 planes bombed the naval base killing about 3,000 people and destroying many warships, aircraft carriers, and submarines. This was a catalyst that brought the United States into World War II. Albert Einstein predicted that mass could be converted into energy early in the century and was confirmed experimentally by John D. Cockcroft and Ernest Walton in 1932. In 1939, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered that neutrons striking the element uranium caused the atoms to split apart. Physicists found out that among the pieces of a split atom were newly produced neutrons. These might encounter other uranium nuclei, caused them to split, and start a chain reaction. If the chain reaction were limited to a moderate pace, a new source of energy could be the result. The chain reaction could release energy rapidly and with explosive force. Leo Szilard, Eugene Wigner, and Edward Teller, Hungarian-born physicists were frightened by the possibility that Germany might produce an atomic bomb. They insisted that Albert Einstein inform President Roosevelt about the possibility of the Germans making an atomic bomb. In late 1939 President Roosevelt ordered an American effort to make an atomic bomb before the Germans. This project to produce the atomic bomb was named the Manhattan Project. Industrial and research activities took place at such sites as Los Alamos, New Mexico; Oak Ridge, Tennessee; and Hanford, Washington. The Manhattan Project was led by J. Robert Oppenheimer. Oppenheimer directed the design and building of the bomb. He and other scientists worked on this project from 1943 to 1945. He was known as the father of the atomic bomb. The first atomic bomb was successfully exploded on July 16, 1945, near Alamogordo, New Mexico. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945. Vice President Harry S. Truman became President of the United States because of the death of Roosevelt. On May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered. Truman proclaimed May 8 as V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day). In July, President Truman went to Potsdam, Germany, to discuss war issues with Prime Minister Churchill of Great Britain and Premier Stalin of the Soviet Union. During his time in Posdam, the President received secret word that the atomic bomb had been successfully tested. On his way back to the United States, President Truman ordered American fliers to drop an atomic bomb in Japan. Similarities between international and domestic human resource management EssayOn August 6, 1945, a B-29 Superfortress named Enola Gay left the Pacific island of Tinian to bomb the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The Enola Gay was named by the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets, after his mother. The crew of Enola Gay were told that no one could be sure what would happen when the atomic bomb was dropped over Hiroshima. The atomic bomb was named Little Boy. The Enola Gay carried the Little Boy and 7,600 gallons of fuel that made it very heavy. No one was sure if the Enola Gay could be able to lift of the .

Malaysia Intering Places free essay sample

The Best Time To Visit Interesting Places In Malaysia Malaysia. It is now well one of the famous contry in Southeast Asia that usually chosen by tourist from the whole world to visit when there is a holiday, but the number of tourists usually depends on the weather of Malaysia. To overcome the lack of number of tourists, a good prediction of weather must be done by the tourism company. `Malaysia is located a few degrees north of the Equator and is one of the South East Asia nations. The climate over here is of equatorial type in which the temperature is quite uniform throughout the year with temperature ranging from 21  °C to 32  °C. The humidity is consistently in the region of 75% to 80% throughout the year with a rainfall annual average of around 200 cm (80in) to 300 cm (120 in). The days are usually warm while the nights and the early mornings are fairly cool. We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysia Intering Places or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Peninsular Malaysia is affected by the monsoon winds that blows from South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca. The northeast monsoon blows the wind from South China Sea from November to March and this is the time when the east coast states have heavy rainfall. Sea activities at this time are very much confined and the main activities at this time is usually the maintenance of boats and fishing related equipments as well as kite flying. This are all general view of Malaysia weather. One of the most interesting island in Malaysia that we can visit is Sipadan Island. The late Jacques Cousteau, the world-renowned oceanographer, described Sipadan Island as ‘an untouched piece of art’, while divers around the world voted it as one of the top five dive sites in the world. Malaysia’s only oceanic island, it is very small – only 12ha. in size. A 25-minute walk is all that is required to circle the island on foot. As an oceanic island, it rises about 700 metres from the sea floor, attracting diverse marine life from the blackness of the open sea. Surrounded by crystal clear waters, this crown jewel is a treasure trove of some of the most amazing marine animals. When diving here, encounters with turtles, resident schools of jacks, bumphead parrotfish and barracudas are almost assured around the tiny coral island. You can dive here all year round. Overall, the best conditions at Sipadan Island exist from April to December, especially July and August. During January to March we can see some unsettled weather and a decrease in visibility but the resorts will still fill with plenty of guests at this time as the diving can still be fine. As we all know, Sabah is one of the most interesting place to visit. Many of the tourist love to go there, because at Sabah they have a city name Kota Kinabalu. When we are at Kota Kinabalu, there is another place we must go, that is Kundasang. A place that is up at the mount Kinabalu. Actually it is near to the mount Kinabalu. From Kota Kinabalu it took about 2 to 3 hours to get there but depend on the weather and traffic. If it is all in good condition, then we can arrive there at an hour and a half. When we arrive there, to get to the nearest place of mount Kinabalu, we can go to the Mesilau Resort. The resort is already 2000 feet above sea level and to go to the mount Kinabalu it only takes about 4000 feet above sea level or it takes 2 days to reach the top of the mountain. At the resort, they already prepared the track to go to the mountain but we must also watch the weather if its good then we can climb the Kinabalu mountain. To go to the Kundasang, we can go when its on the rainy season. By then we can feel the coldness of the weather at Kundasang and it is very suitable for all went to visit Kundasang. It seems like you are at the overseas but its not. Kundasang is the place you should visit. In Pahang, Malaysia, Cameron Highlands has almost everything you could ask for from a holiday destination. Just imagine a very beautiful place with cool and comfortable weather, interesting buildings with Tudor Architecture, spectacular sceneries, and also several religious places to be visited. The key attractions here are the vegetables farms, museums and galleries, flower nurseries, tea plantations, strawberry farms, and honey bee farms. Vegetables farms can be found almost everywhere in Cameron Highlands, these farms are designed primarily for tourist but if you want to visit bigger vegetable farms, you can go to Tringkap or Kuala Terja which produce the vegetables for nations consumptions. If you want to look back to the history of Cameron Highlands, you can visit Local Museum called Time Tunnel Gallery. Cameron Highlands are known as the biggest fresh flower producers in Malaysia. There are much kind of flowers available here such as Dahlia, Geranium, Roses, Fuchsia, Gladioli, Carnations and even flower like Chrysanthemum. Visiting Cameron Highlands is not complete until you visit the tea plantations. Besides the tea itself, the most important thing is the beautiful sceneries available in here. Most recommended tea plantations to visit like Boh Tea Plantation, Cameron Valley Tea Plantation, and Sungai Palas Tea Plantation. There are several strawberry farms allowing you to pluck strawberries on your own and charge your according to the total weight of the strawberries you plucked. Honey Bee Farms in Cameron Highlands offer you experience of learning about bees and various honey products. Malaysia climate weather is typically hot and humid, with daily average 33 degree ceclcius and nightly average of 22 degree celcius. Compare that with Cameron Highlands climateweather of daily average of 23 degree celcius and nightly average of 10 degree celcius. There is another place which is interesting to visit which is Fraser Hill. Named after a solitary Scottish pioneer, James Fraser, who set up a tin-ore trading post in the 1890s, it actually consists of seven hills. Frasers Hill is truly an idyllic place for one to rest and to escape from not only the heat and humidity but also the hustle and bustle of city life. It is perhaps the prettiest of the Malaysian Hill resorts. To get to Frasers Hill from the Gap, one must go up a narrow, winding, one-way road for 8 km. Traffic up and down is controlled by a gate system with uphill traffic limited to odd hours, and downhill traffic to even hours. There are hotels, resorts and chalets available on the hill. Tudor cottages sit among brilliantly coloured gardens shaded by lofty pine trees. Frasers Hill is popular with the locals and foreign tourists for its greenery, forest walks, fresh air and exotic flower gardens, not to mention the golfing facilities. It has many attractions within and around the area. There is a nature education centre where visitors can learn about the flora and fauna of the area. Bird watching is a very popular pastime and Frasers Hill is the venue of the annual Bird Race which attracts many foreign omithologists. The average climate change temperature of Fraser’s Hill is between 21 to 23 degree Centigrade. Cool enough to escape from the heat of the tropics though you would still feel warm when the noon day sun is beating down on you. Lastly, there is one interesting place called Tanjung Leman which is stated in Johor. Tanjung Leman is better known as the jumping off point to the islands of Pulau Sibu and Sibu Tengah. Located about 72km south of Mersing, the beach is quite far off from the main road, which makes it a little difficult to find. However, the beach is served by a jetty and chalets. Kayaks are available for those wishing to venture out beyond the shoreline. Snorkelling is worthwhile as there are nice corals around. The beach is also a good spot to watch some white hornbills flying above. Chairs and shades are plenty for those who just want to have a quick escape   from the hustle and bustle of city life with families and friends. The best time to visit the islands are during the months from April to September where the sea is calmer. During the North-Easterly monsoon season from November to March, the sea will be choppy and hence there is not much sea activities that you can do. Some of the  resorts  will be closed during this time of the year but some will remain open. Malaysia has a tropical climate throughout the year, enjoying warm days and mild evenings in all seasons. English is widely spoken in Malaysia, although the national language is Malay. In addition, the country also offers a fascinating cultural mix with colorful festivals, unique arts and crafts, architecture, food and a rich array of dance forms. Malaysia is ideally placed to take advantage of its increased interest in the tourism industry, especially ecotourism segment, as it possesses a wide variety of natural land and marine habitats, spectacular wildlife, diverse indigenous ethnic groups and cultures, and a rich history. The World Travel ; Tourism Council (WTTC) stated that that the future prospects for Travel ; Tourism industry of Malaysia are good. There is a widespread recognition of its contribution to the national economy, and the Malaysian Government at its highest level is fully committed to the long-term development of the industry. It is absolutely a country that all the people living in the whole world should visit. Prepared by : Norazimah, Marissa Syazana, Farid Haikal, Abdul Qadir, Zul-Iskandar and Gokulan from 5 Amanah.

Google Case Essay Example

Google Case Essay Example Google Case Essay Google Case Essay What were the key factors behind Googles early success? Thanks to the Corporate Values, Google became a very successful company In the world. Googles integrally In providing search result helps Google to succeed. There is great potential revenue can be generated from their search service. However Google corporate value Dont be evil refuses to compromise the integrity of search results. The quality search result is important to secure users usability of search engine and the confidence in Google. Googles emphasis on technologies helps Google to excel its competitors. Google lives Technology matters and invested heavily In the infrastructure that supported lightning-fast returns on search queries. Providing accurate results wealth a shorter time Is the primary task of a search engine and It Is not an easy task. Google did well in this and it becomes one of the key competitive advantages of Google products. Google s diverse businesses contribute to its success significantly. Since its PIP, Google had launched a flurry of products that expanded its domain beyond web search. After 2000, the IT market is growing at a very fast speed and lots of Leeds are untouched. : Google provide its products to an Immature market so that It can capture a large market share, With Its strength In technologies, Google can ensure the quality of product and service to keep its competitiveness in the various markets. Google is innovative and adopted unconventional approaches for managing innovation. Some innovative products may require longer development time. Google is willing to invest in promising long shots and Google believe they can be high- reward projects. Do you expect the search business to become more concentrated? Is search a winner-take-all business? Most of revenue is generated with Googles search business and related products. Lots of its products like Google Decadence and Google Analytics relies on the search business. So focusing on search business seems critical to Google future and I expect the search business to become more concentrated. In the next few years, people will be overwhelmed by Information on the Internet and people will Increase their reliance on search engine to provide them desirable results. Google Is the leading search engine provider and dominates the market. Google can potentially gain more revenue if it is the single player in the market. In addition, Google is experienced in providing search service and concentrate on providing search service is less risky than expanding to other market. The network effect can be applied here as well. With the focusing on search service, Google can gain more users and cumulate more knowledge about user preference and searching behaviors. With the knowledge, Google can enhance Its search service and acquire more users. The search service has great potential to become winner-take-all business. Facts about market share of search service providers tell winner-take-all business is possible. Google shares the great market in the world. Being and Yahoo share a very insignificant market in the world. We may pick another example like China; Baud Is the largest player in the searching service market without the participation of Google. Providing quality-searching service has high entry barrier boundaries, so that it can serve every segment of market. There is no significant UN- tap market for other search engine providers to enter. In addition, the network effect n search market is quite strong, when more users user the service, the search providers are able to gather more information and provide better search results. In addition to enhancing its core search business, should Google also branch out into new arenas? Which of the following would you recommend: 1) Building a full-fledged portal like Yahoo! s; Not recommended. Although there is demand for full-fledged portal like Yahoo! , the demand is not increasing significantly. There are already 2 big players in the portal business, namely Yahoo! And MANS. Due to high market commonality and high sources similarities, Google should not compete head to head with them. ) Targeting Microsofts desktop software hegemony; and/or Recommended. With the extensions functionalities of Google Chrome, Google stepped into desktop software industry already. With the help of notification center of ass and windows system, various Google products can bring similar experience via Google Chrome. In addition, there is some UN-tapped market. Google can extent search service to desktop search, migrate the online Google Doc to desktop, provide support to development of open resource initiatives like open office and provide interfaces compatible with Linux users. ) Becoming an e-commerce intermediary like eBay? Not recommended. EBay and Amazon are two big players in the market. The rivalry is already quite intensive. Becoming another big player in the market not only requires Google to deal with products suppliers but also the delivery service. Both of them are labor-intensive tasks and Google has litter experience with it. There are other specialized new entrants entering the market to gain the market niche and customers have high bargaining power due to information transparency. So the industry is not very attracting. Do you view Googles distinctive governance structure, corporate culture, and organizational processes as strengths or potential limitations? Googles distinctive governance structure, corporate culture and organizational processes are a great strength of the company. Google is attracting the best talents from all over the world. These talents look forwards to Join Google because of the flat governance structure and corporate culture. Their potentials can be best explored at Google. Googles corporate structure encourages creativity among heir staff, which leads to employee satisfaction and a low employee turnover rate. Googles organizational processes ensure sufficient freedom to its employees to test new technologies, new business models, new products, new ideas etc. This is very essential for company to put innovation into actions. In addition, the Company is administered by the expounders and the Chief Executive Officer. Both of them are concerning the long-term growth of Google instead of short-term gain. This facilitates the restoration of confidence of its investors and clients.

Spoken and written discourses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spoken and written discourses - Essay Example The word discourse is picked from the Latin term ‘discursus’ which is defined as ‘conversation, speech.’ From a linguistic point of view the term discourse is defined as a continuous stretch of language, which is larger than a sentence and often constitutes coherent units such as argument, joke, sermon, or narrative A discourse is not necessarily long; short conversations/ groans can be equally described as discourse just as a novel would. Discourses may be classified in many ways: written or spoken discourse; classification according to level of formality; classification according to genre; or classification according to the number of participants, whether on or many.For a conversation to be classified as a written or spoken discourse it needs to fulfill several criteria as Beaugrande (1981) explains. They include cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, informativeness, situationality, and intersexuality. This paper compares the written and spok en discourses. Differences between Spoken and Written discourses The main difference between spoken and written discourse lies in the fact that spoken language must be understood immediately whereas written discourse can be referred to many times (Crystal 1997). Unlike in written discourses, which involves medium that keeps a record of its conveyed message, spoken discourse involves only air and thus conversation is possible only up to the moment it occurs. The speed of conversation also varies between the two mediums of discourse. In spoken discourse, the speaker uses the speed that is appropriate for him/her; such speed is not necessarily convenient for the listener. The speed in spoken discourses is usually varying but faster than in written discourses. Other differences may be classified into: Contextualization Spoken discourse offers a natural form of speech where the audience is usually present. This speech facilitates effective communication since the speakers are able to get feedback from their listeners. This, however, means that spoken discourse has more repetition as the audience asks for clarification on unclear points. Written discourse as Crystal (1997) explains has an audience that is usually farther away and mostly unknown. Writers experience some disconnect in relation to the audience since the audience is not nearby; the writers only try to imagine what their intended audience would appreciate. Such a distance makes writing discourses inherently more difficult compared to spoken discourses. However, some genres of spoken discourse such as academic discourse, have minimal context of shared content, no feedback is encouraged immediately. On the other hand, some written discourses also employ the feedback of the readers who provide background information of the discourses usually through interviews. Spontaneity Spoken discourses tend to be largely unorganized where topics can change at any moment; interruption and overlapping of communication ca n occur often (Halliday 1989). In the spoken discourses, speakers can ask for clarification as well as correct what has already been said. Written discourses, on the other hand, are more organized and grammatical (Halliday 1989). The audiences of written discourses only get the finished product and cannot make any modification or clarification. The written discourses are having limited ways of conveying their message; written discourses are more constrained. Lexical characteristics Spoken discourses have a lower percentage of different words than written discourses. Spoken discourses are marked with longer and more repetitions unlike written discourses where repetitions are limited. Spoken discourses generally have shorter, less complex phrases. They contain more verb-based phrases and less abstract words. In addition to this, they also contain more words that refer to the speaker (Halliday 1989). Written discourses, on the other hand, have a more complex lexical characteris

Module 04 - Session Long Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Module 04 - Session Long Project - Essay Example concrete corporate and business-level strategies that would focus on the opportunities and threats that the company faced in the long-run, while utilizing the core strengths of the companies while addressing weaknesses. On marketing strategy. Under CEO Pressler’s tenure, the company had alienated the customers that had patronized its products for the long time. The superhip clothes GAP had produced created a sudden but a weak attempt to change its positioning. While the current profitable market of GAP had been neglected by shifting to a positioning where it was not desired by the market, the company lost focus. The success of GAP as a brand was attributable to the business casual movement in the 1990s. While being an edgier brand did not create a sustainable positioning, the erosion of the business casual movement due to the fall of the dotcoms in the economy eventually led to GAP’s fall. According to Jennifer Popovec in her article â€Å"Hanging by a thread†, the shift of GAP’s positioning to becoming fashion-forward, in its attempt to shift from its â€Å"classic style to the disposable fashion sector† had aggravated the problem. GAP tried to please everyone, as apparent in its advertisements as well as the merchandise that it carried. While the fickleness of the fashion industry had added to GAP’s hardships, losing its focus on its current profitable customers and digressing from its positioning had made the more complex rapid-changing consumer preferences more unfavorable toward the business; much less predictable with CEO Pressler’s marketing research efforts. On Human Resources strategy. CEO Pressler tried to change the long-time corporate culture of GAP which was coined in its corporate mantra â€Å"own it, do it, get it done.† While his intention was good, which was to promote collaboration and teamwork among the company, he made the initially-receptive employees vexed when there was so much more time that was spent on team-building than

View Of Men And Women Media Media Essay

View Of Men And Women Media Media Essay Of the many influences on how we view men and women, media are the most pervasive and one of the most powerful. All forms of media communicate images of the sexes. Many of these media perpetuate unrealistic, stereotypical, and limiting perceptions. From a very young age, people are subjected to norms or standards for how each gender should act. Advertising is necessary today. Whether you have a small business or a large one, you must tell groups of people who you are, what you sell, and where you are located. You must tell them when they wish to hear or read about such things.TV advertising affects gender identity by reinforcing stereotypes. Advertisers carefully create their TV advertisements to send a particular message about gender. Television advertising plays an important role on changing consumer behavior and attitudes and gave consumers new patterns about identity. In my research I would like to focus on the fact that  the formation of gender identity and the inequality of g ender are due to many internal and external factors. I will also try to show that TV is the most common media that represent the difference of gender and influence our view to the state and position of men and women and  I will also attempt to specify gender stereotypes, which are used in advertising as a persuasion technique. LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Table one: Favorite Television Channels of students of the UNIVERSITY OF JENDOUBA Higher Institute Of Human Sciences LIST OF FIGURES Figure1: Chart 1: The impact of TV on the development of gender identity. Figure 2: Chart 2: Making the appearances to the model presented in TV advertisement LIST OF SYMBOLES TV: Television Ads: Advertisements INTRODUCTIOIN   The world is moving towards progress in every walk of life. But when we look towards societies, it feels as if something is still missing. Social issues are matters which directly or indirectly affect many or all members of a society and are considered to be problems related to moral values. Social issues include poverty, violence, corruption, bribery, suppression of human rights, discrimination, crime, killing in the name of honor, gender identity and inequality in rights etc. Mass media play a significant role in a modern world, by broadcasting information  in fast pace and giving entertainment to vast audiences. Media is a pervasive and profoundly influential socializing force.   It is the most powerful tool of communication. It helps promoting the right things on the right time. It gives a real exposure to the audience about what is right or wrong. Even though, media is linked with spreading news, it helps a lot to inform us about the realities and it has a constructive r ole to play for the society. Media consist of press, television, radio, books and the Internet. The latter is now the most developing medium; however, TV also has a wide field of influence.  TV is the most powerful common type of media due to its extensive worldwide spread. It plays a significant role in the development of many social issues. It plays an important role in order to focus on the social issues in almost every era. It is the most commonly media used by people in our daily lives, it insinuates messages into our consciousness at every turn. Today News Channels are spokesperson of some social issues, which helps us to estimate the realities of lives. By creating a certain type of message, TV can manipulate peoples attitude and opinions.  Ã‚  All forms of advertisement in TV communicate images of the sexes, many of which perpetuate unrealistic, stereotypical, and limiting perceptions.  Advertising has the power to persuade, the power to influence the mind and shape destiny. It has the power to cha nge markets and improve profit margins. Advertising has short-term power conveying new information, building awareness, enhancing credibility, and long-term power conveying brand image, attaching emotional values to the brand, building positive reputation, etc. The prevalence or predominance of power of gender and formation of identity, in the media and especially TV, is one of the most important issues now a day.  Gender identity develops through a process of differentiation: interactions of biological, social, and cognitive-learning factors that occur over time. Differentiation means that a basically similar structure develops differently depending upon the influence of other factors such as media. In other word various influences increase the difference between the sexes.  Ã‚  At birth, almost all children are socially labeled as either a girl or a boy, based on the appearance of the external genitals. The child begins to develop a body image of the self as a girl or a boy. After the child acquires language, by eighteen months to two years, the child can label the self as  girl  or  boy.  This is the early expression of gender identity. Learning of some aspects of gender identity occurs at biologically sensitive periods of ti me and once it is learned it is difficult to alter. All societies partition some aspects of human existence into two distinct roles of male and female. The specific content of female and male gender roles varies among different societies. These characteristics may or may not be closely related to the biological functional differences between females and males. The difficulty that children face in the learning process is determining which characteristics are gender-linked and which are not. Children develop gender-identity constancy by five to six years of age. Gender is the idea that if a child is a girl, she will always be female and will grow up to be a woman; if a child is a boy, he will always be male and will grow up to be a man. These continuities are not obvious but must be learned. Gender identity is consolidated through social experiences and gender characteristics, which may include games, changes in the sexual characteristics of the body and media. Usually these changes are consistent with the gender identity and gender rol e. These physical changes must be incorporated into the gender identity. Standards of feminine or masculine physical attractiveness change from childhood to adulthood, as do other aspects of gender roles. Social pressures intensify for conformity to female or male gender roles. In addition, the sex hormones fuel romantic and sexual interests. Sexual orientation, as heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual, also becomes part of an adult gender identity and role, although it originates much earlier in development. Although gender identity as man or woman is stable, some of the content of an individuals gender role may change over a lifetime because of changing social norms, a move to another society or over the impact of media. The conceptualization of the self as male or female is a basic part of human identity in all societies. A distinctive gender identity may be linked to sexual behavior and cross-gender social presentation in different parts of the world. This gender identity includes individuals who do not fit into the societys traditional masculine or feminine sex roles. With great satisfaction we were then able to assert that sex is a biological designation, and gender is a set of socially constructed expectations for women and men. That distinction permitted us to make claims about material conditions, historical moments, and cultural pressures. In short, the separation of sex and gender allowed us to point to social constructions, not biological. Also  gender is called a gender  because it was originally called a sex but sex was too inappropriate for kids so they came up with a new word for the same meaning. To sum up things,  Gender Identity  refers to a persons private sense of, and subjective experience of, their own  gender. This is generally described as ones private sense of being a  man  or a  woman, consisting primarily of the acceptance of membership into a category of people:  male  or  female.  All societies have a set of gender categories that can serve as the basis of the formation of a  social identity  in relation to other members of society. Basic gender identity is usually formed by age three and is extremely difficult to change after that.  Although the formation of gender identity is not completely understood, many factors have been suggested as influencing its development. Biological factors that may influence gender identity include pre- and post-natal hormone levels and genetic makeup.  Ã‚  Social factors which may influence gender identity include ideas regarding gender roles conveyed by family, authority figures, mass media, and other i nfluential people in a childs life.  Child are often shaped and molded by the people surrounding them by trying to imitate and follow. Ones gender identity is also influenced by the  social learning theory, which assumes that children develop their gender identity through observing and imitating gender-linked behaviors, and then being rewarded or punished for behaving that way.  In some cases, a persons gender identity may be inconsistent with their biological sex characteristics, resulting in individuals dressing and behaving in a way which is perceived by others as being outside cultural gender norms.   In short  Gender is one of the most studied social paradigms as it is the main paradigm that people use in determining how to act and interact with others. For this reason, it is important to look at the ways in which individuals receive messages about gender norms from media and especially TV because television advertisements is the most common and used medium that transmit cultural ideas about gender, help to socially construct gender and affect the way that people think about their own gender, and contribute to the ongoing social stratification of genders in society. Literature Review Televisions effect on viewers is a subject that has been extensively studied in the last twenty years and whose impact extends farther than most people realize. Many studies have focused on how television advertisement affects the formation of gender identity. Gender Identity Formation and Gender Role Sociologists are particularly interested in gender identity and how it determines gender roles. Genetics, hormones, differences in the brain, and socialization all interact to mold a persons gender identity. In order to understand gender identity development and related issues, definitions must be emphasized for clarity. Gender identity refers to the feeling that you are male, female or transgender. In other word, according to WIKIPIDIA Gender identity  refers to a persons private sense of, and subjective experience of their own  gender. This is generally described as ones private sense of being a  man  or a  woman, consisting primarily of the acceptance of membership into a category of people:  male  or  female.  All societies have a set of gender categories that can serve as the basis of the formation of a  social identity  in relation to other members of society. Many things contribute to the formation of gender identity, including cultural differences societ y, family and factors that are in place before birth. In one hand, Cross cultural findings show that variations in gender role between different cultures are consistent with the idea that gender role behavior is learned. The study of Hofstede identified five distinct cultural dimensions that served to distinguish one culture from another. Masculinity (MAS)  is one of these five dimensions it refers to how much a society sticks with, and values, traditional male and female roles. High MAS scores are found in countries where men are expected to be tough, to be the provider, to be assertive and to be strong. If women work outside the home, they have separate professions from men. Low MAS scores do not reverse the gender roles. In a low MAS society, the roles are simply blurred. You see women and men working together equally across many professions. Men are allowed to be sensitive and women can work hard for professional success. For example, and of course according to the study of Hofstede, Japan is highly masculine with a score of 95 whereas Sweden has the lowest measured value. In addition (according to Hofstadters analysis), if you were to open an office in Japan, you might have greater success if you appointed a male employee to lead the team and had a strong male contingent on the team. In Sweden, on the other hand, you would aim for a team that was balanced in terms of skill rather than gender. On the other hand, Socialization, or the process by which a child learns the norms and roles that society has created for his or her gender, plays a significant role in the establishment of her or his sense of femaleness or maleness. If a child learns she is a female and is raised as a female, the child believes she is female; if told he is a male and raised as a male, the child believes he is male. From the birth, most parents treat their children according to the childs gender as determined by the appearance of their genitals. Parents even handle their baby girls less aggressively than their baby boys. Children quickly develop a clear understanding that they are either female or male, as well as a strong desire to adopt gender-appropriate mannerisms and behaviors. This normally occurs within two years, according to many authorities. In short, biology sets the stage, but childrens interactions with the social environment actually determine the nature of gender identity. However, parents do not directly teach gender role behaviors to their children through selective reinforcement and punishment but that children acquire gender appropriate behaviors nonetheless. It may therefore be that the learning of gender role occurs through processes other than those specified by social learning theory. Social learning theory has difficulty explaining how childrens understanding of gender ch anges over time. It also cannot easily account for how childrens preparedness to imitate a gender role behavior depends more on whether the behavior is seen as gender appropriate than the sex of the model demonstrating it. The main way that gender behaviors are learned is through the process of observational learning. Children observe the people around them behaving in various ways, some of which relate to gender. They pay attention to some of these people and encode their behavior. At a later time they may imitate the behavior they have observed. They may do this regardless of whether the behavior is appropriate or not. The child is more likely to attend to and imitate those people it perceives as similar to itself. Also, the child will also have observed the consequences of her parents behavior and will be motivated to imitate the behavior it has seen reinforced and avoid imitating the behavior it has seen punishedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ For example, imagine three siblings, Raed (4 years), Aziz (5 years) and Ranim (6 years). Ranim and Aziz plays dressing up and both put on dresses. Their dad reinforces Ranim for this, by saying she looks pretty but punishes Aziz by saying he looks silly and boys should not dress that way. In future, Ranim is more likely to wear dresses and Aziz is less likely. Raed, who has been watching all this, is unlikely to imitate the behavior of wearing a dress because he has seen his brother (who he perceives as similar to himself) getting punished for doing it. Children around the age of two years playing at home with their parents, recording the reinforcements and punishments the parents provided. Boys and girls were reinforced and punished for different behaviors. Boys were reinforced for playing with gender appropriate toys (e.g. bricks) and punished for playing with dolls. Girls were reinforced for staying close to the parent and punished for rough and tumble play. This confirm that boys and girls are reinforced for gender appropriate and punished for gender inappropriate behavior, lending support to the idea that gender role behavior is learned from the childs environment. How TV affect the Development of Gender Identity As well as, just as a mirror reflects the visual image of ourselves, we also rely on an even bigger mirror to reflect back a reality of ourselves in a collective environment: mass media. It is through this mirror that we are able to understand our identity through a social reflection of reality. Mass media, and specifically television, have impacted the amount and context in which images and cultural symbols are exchanged across physical and cultural borders. According to Clive Barnes (b. 1927) British drama critic, Television is the first truly democratic culture-the first culture available to everybody and entirely governed by what the people wants. The most terrifying thing is what the people do want. In addition Anthropological accounts suggest that the growth of TV has had large effects on a wide range of day-to-day lifestyle behaviors, including latrine building and fan usage. Television today is the first and foremost storyteller, unlike olden days when parents, schools and books told most of the stories. TV presents to us stories about what is good and bad, the happy and sad, the success and the failures and it tell us who is on the top and who is at the bottom.   Furthermore, the influence of TV advertising on gender identity clearly seems to be a daily situation. Actually, TV publicity objective is to directly attack the human personality to develop certain attitudes and postures in relation to certain products, TV programs, goods and services, politic movements and other related organizations and social economics movements this create serious problems and consequences on personal identity and free personality evolution. When we see the front of an advertisement in TV we tend not to see the headlights and the grill as a symbolic representation of the human face, because instead, we see the TV as an image in and of itself. Yet the image of the TV itself represents a broader connection to our identity for it contains a takenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ for granted symbolic reflection of our own nature. In short throughout human collective consciousness, the impact of images and symbols on the construction of identity is integral in our definitions of self. Whether we like it or not, our world is no longer contained by the constructs of geographic boundaries. No longer are we limited to our natural born surroundings; due to TV we now have access to information, ideas and culture from any place on the globe. Our generation is now confronted with the complexity of choice to be whoever you want to be. Identity is up for mass media and TV in special which brings exposure of ideas of choice and freedom to all who have access to its message, regardless of their former national or cultural identification. This Information Revolution carries its own implicit and explicit agendas across borders and cultures, whether welcomed or not. It has provided modern human beings with new abilities and skills, allowing them to acquire an incredible capacity in the manipulations of culturoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ symbolic elements. This everà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ growing electronic media technique for rapid global and instant transmission around the world of the oral and written words, ideas, beliefs cultural values, voices, images and so on, has already reached a sophisticated and impressive level. These mediaized cultural symbols heavily influence the interaction, analysis and constructions of collective identity, manipulating our perception of who we are both as an individual and as part of a specific cultural group. Television rely on cultural symbols, which are instrumental to our basis of cultural identity and knowledge, thus it can be inferred that television as a visual medium is the most influential mouthpiece of group identity. With satellite television, more accessible and affordable than change our perspectives of ever before, it is not hard to imagine that television is the most direct and influential way to spread information, ideas or symbols. According to Marie Winn and her  essay  Ã‚ «The Plug-In Drug,  » television has various negative effects on our society today. In her essay Winn explores the ways in which television has harmfully caused disruptions with the quality of family life, rituals, and values. She recognizes there is a problem with society and the way in which it is consistently influenced by television. I am able to agree with Winn on this point, but I do not feel that the totality of the influence is negative. Television today has a lot of positive effects and influences on our society and our Tunisian culture; it gives us helpful information, various forms of  education, and entertainment Throughout the years, the Tunisian people have come to rely on the television and all it has to offer. The television with its multi-purposes has positively affected our society through its means of information, education, and entertainment. We as Tunisian people have become a part of a society which is greatly influenced by the television. Furthermore, this influence has been proven to affect the quality of family life, as Winn mentions in her article  «The Plug-In Drug.  » The positive effect of television on our society as a whole, and the knowledge it provides is far greater than this quality of life that she mentions. I must admit that there are both positive and negative aspects that come out of our televisions today, but I feel that the positive effects definitely outweigh the negatives when it comes to the importance of information, education, and entertainment for our society. The Impact Of TV Advertisement On Gender Identity Gender representation, on the smallest scale, has, always, been important for one to understand what it means to be male or female. So to look at it in terms of advertising and specially advertisement presented in TV, which is considered the most powerful and influential medium in the society, is to look at it with a more serious eye. From the images inflicted upon us in TV we see man and woman different. For a man that means being tough, intelligent, serious, competitive and business minded while for a woman, that means having beauty, elegance, passivity and good domestic ability. According to the article of Jessica Furgerson, The Influence of TV Advertising on Gender Identity, a Research conducted in 1998 notes that TV commercials show boys as active and dominate, yet shows girls as giggly and shy. TV commercials also demonstrate what type of behavior is appropriate for boys and girls by dictating which toys are for girls and which toys are for boys. The representation of how boys and girls should act and what they should play with sends a message to the viewer of what is appropriate, thus shaping the gender identity of the viewer. The impact of TV advertisement on males identity Positive impacts TV advertisement presented men as rational, ambitious, smart, stable, competitive,  powerful, independent, and tolerant. He is also Strength, performance, and skillful. In addition he is the Cultural standard may be because in society and especially our Arab societies Men have considerably more economic and political power than women, According to the article of Jessica Furgerson The Influence of TV Advertising on Gender Identity Television advertisers place men in two distinct roles: the bread winner and the heterosexual male. Initially, TV advertisements commonly depict men as knowledgeable, hard working, powerful and successful; this depiction tells men that to be a man you must take care of your wife and kids and possess these qualities. Negative impacts According to the document Gender issues in the Media  , masculinity is often associated with machismo, independence, competition, emotional detachment, aggression and violence. Despite the fact that men have considerably more economic and political power in society than women, these trends although different from those which affect women and girls are very damaging to boys. This means that Men are associated with emotional detachment, aggression and violence. For example most of the toys presented in TV for young boys are all toys of war like pistol, tank and sword. This teach young boys how to be violent and make him aggressive, hard and sometimes without feelings. Children learn from these advertisements that the suitable character for him is to be violent and aggressive. That is TV advertisement affect negatively the gender identity of men. The impact of TV advertisement on females identity Positive impacts In TV women are attractive, sensitive,  romantic, warm, peaceful, fair, submissive, timid and desirable. In addition, Women are patient, happy and sociable as it is said in the Essay (the influence of TV on gender identity) which was wrote by  anaconda,  University, Bachelors,  A+,  May 2005 Housewives are seen as happy to serve others and to relinquish their spare time and personal needs; all in an effort to insure that their families fell loved and cared for. She is presented in advertisements as the good wife and the strong and patient women who spend the spare time in looking after children and doing the best to make all members of society happy. b. Negative impacts According to the article of Jessica Furgerson The Influence of TV Advertising on Gender Identity TV advertisements cast the female character in one of two ways: the home maker or the sex object. Initially, women are consistently shown in the home, supermarket or shopping in order to reinforce the role of the woman in the domestic sphere. On the other hand, women are also portrayed as sex objects, almost always shown in provocative clothing delivering a clearly sexual message. By continually telling women that they should be doing these things, viewers see such behavior as the norm and frame their gender identity around it. In addition TV emphasizes traditional roles and normalizes violence against women. Women are usually in the home, performing domestic chores such as laundry or cooking; as sex objects that exist primarily to service men; as victims who cant protect themselves and are the natural recipients of beatings, harassment, sexual assault and murder. Furthermore and according to an Essay (the influence of TV on gender identity) which was wrote by  anaconda,  University, Bachelors,  A+,  May 2005 Day time advertisement on television tend to portray men in stereotypical roles of authority and dominance, while women are associated with traditional roles of housewife. She also said that Females are shown maintaining the perfect household, with their primary goal being to take care of the house their husband and or family. The reason for this could be the fact that men dominate the workplace. According to an article of Dow (1995:200, cited in Holtzman 2000:80) 3% of directors in general ar e women. The advertising industry itself has a particularly high man to female ratio and based on statistics produced, it was revealed that only 17 out of 244 advertising directors were women and in an industry so greatly dominated by men is it not likely that consciously or subconsciously the adverts produced will be biased. This means that Women are unimportant or invisible and play a second role in society and less likely to be shown in TV. Even with the bigger freedom of choice given to women nowadays we are still to a certain extent living in a society which looks through the males gaze where women are still being portrayed as being dependent on men. Evaluating TV Advertisements As we have mentioned above TV advertisement impact negatively the consumer and especially their gender identity. Evaluating TV advertisement is better both for the advertisers and for the consumers. On the one hand the type advertisers use to keep stores name and merchandise before the public. With advertisements you remind people week after week about your regular merchandise or services or tell them about new or special services or policies. In addition advertising should create in the minds of customers the attitude you want them to have about your store, its merchandise, its services, and its policies. To some degree, all advertising should be evaluated because it is your reputation builder. Evaluating advertising requires tracking and analyzing message. Therefore, both marketing professionals and advertisers employ a variety of techniques to evaluate the success of TV advertisements. In addition to that and essentially, measuring results means comparing sales with advertising. I n order to do it you have to start early in the process before you even make the advertisement. Also you must listen to what people say about your advertisements and of course take it into consideration. In doing so, advertisers must discover their mental framework within which any comment about their advertisement was made and find points which reinforce believability and a feeling that your product fulfills some wish or need. However, you should not be misled by what people say and you must see that their advertising does the job they want it to. On the other hand TV advertisement must be evaluated for the benefit of consumer and to protect him from any types of delude. Furthermore, it is important to assess the impact of TV on consumer and especially its impact on the creation of gender identity and gender role representation. The consumer protection organization should be present in doing this and I think that the creation of a new brand under this organization which main role is an protecting gender identity from stereotypes in media in general and in TV advertisement in specific in now a day a need. In addition Parents and teachers can have a much greater impact on a childs development than the media to which the child is exposed. They must teach and explain to children to understand that media do not reflect reality; that they communicate implicit and explicit values; and that they can influence the way we feel and think about ourselves and the world, are vitally important lessons towards achieving a society in which wom en and girls are seen and treated as equal to men and boys. METHODOLOGY The main aim of this chapter is to present the survey methods used to conduct this research. Therefore interview and questionnaire were included in this research process as method or instrument of data collection. Primary source: interview and Questionnaire Interviews Interviews: are questionnaires administered in person. I rely on the use of it because it is most personal and produce better rates. In fact, direct contacts were made with a group of students of the UNIVERSITY OF JENDOUBA Higher Institute Of Human Sciences (Each student was asked alone). The interview will deal with how people identify themselves and what their lifestyles are. Questionnaire The questionnaire will give us information about how TV affects the development of gender. It is designed the same students who respond to the interview. First I use the questionnaire because it is Practical and it can bring a Large amounts of information can be collected from a large number of people in a short period of time and in a relatively cost effective way. It can be carried out by the researcher or by any number of people with limited affect to its validity and reliability. The results of the questionnaires can usually be quickly and easily quantified by either a researcher or through the use of a software package. It can be analyzed more scientifically and objectively than other forms of research. When data has been quantified, it can be used to compare and contrast other research and may be used to measure change. Secondary source: advertisement presented in TV In my research I relay on the advertisements presented on vario

Mary Wollstonecraft`s Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Mary Wollstonecraft is considered as the â€Å"mother of feminism† or rather the ‘first feminist†. Her book, â€Å"A Vindication on the Rights of Woman†, published in 1792, revolves around the central issue of women’s rights especially with respected to women education. The book is addressed to Edmund Burke and is considered a milestone in the history of feminism. Mary Wollstonecraft was born in London, in 1759, to John Edward Wollstonecraft and Elizabeth Dickson.She had an older brother, Edward (Ned), and four younger siblings. Mary Wollstonecraft lived in Paris during the most climactic episode of the French Revolution: the trial and beheading by guillotine of King Louis XVI. Mary's father was gruff and abusive and her mother passive and neglectful. Despite this, Mary acquired her education in Yorkshire and made friends with clergyman Mr. Clare who recognized her intelligence and introduced her to the Bible, the works of Jonathan Swift, William Shak espeare and John Milton. In 1788 Wollstonecraft began to establish herself as a writer.She was a prolific writer and she wrote for Joseph Johnson’s monthly periodical, The Analytic Review. In 1790 Mary wrote â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Men† in response to Edmund Burke's â€Å"Reflections on the Revolution in France,† and thereby established her credentials not only as a woman of opinion, but as a woman who was happy to voice her opinions on an equal platform with other intellectuals of the period.Edmund Burke, a champion of American Independence as saw the Glorious French Revolution of 1688 as a moderate and cautious settlement. In his â€Å"Reflections on the Revolution in France†, (1790), Burke aimed to denounce Price, to attack the French revolutionaries and their principles, and to defend the British constitution and the notion of prescriptive right. He argued that vice and individual selfishness rather than government were the cause of socia l unhappiness.Supporting the aristocracy, Burke made part of his argument through sentimentalized pictures of sexual and familial relationships, especially of the French queen Marie Antoinette as mother and lady, worthy object of chivalric devotion. These pictures were particularly revolting to Wollstonecraft, who did not admire much, the aristocratic families. This book, then, is a reply to the arguments of Edmund Burke.In â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman†, Wollstonecraft calls for a revolution in female manners.   Wollstonecraft argued that females are in all the most important aspects the same as males and women are superior in the context of strength of mind, perserverance and fortitude. On the basis of these philosophical arguments of sexual equality Wollstonecraft called for the reform of female education, arguing that girls should be educated in the same subjects and by the same methods as boys.She further advocated a radical revision of British law to enab le a new, egalitarian marriage in which women would share equally in the management and possession of all household resources. She demanded that women be paid equally for their labor, that they gain the civil and legal right to possess and distribute property, that they be admitted to all the most prestigious professions. And she argued that women should be given the right to vote.On Love, Sentiment, Passion and Emotions:Wollstonecraft accuses men of sentimentally viewing women as females rather than human beings and hence has been â€Å"more anxious to make them alluring mistresses than affectionate wives and rational mothers† (Wollstonecraft, xxxi). Wollstonecraft questions why females should always be degraded by being made subservient to love or lust. Wollstonecraft says that love is indeed a noble emotion but it should not be allowed to act as a block to reasoning. Sentimentally, a woman is considered as someone who needs to be trained to be a good wife.However, a woman who is trained only in pleasing her husband will not be able to appeal to a man’s sexuality in the long run. When her sentimental and sexual appeal fades off, she is likely to seek approval from other men and become bitter. The author eloquently says: â€Å"love, perhaps, the most evanescent of all passions, gives place to jealousy or vanity† (Wollstonecraft, page 27). Thus, Wollstonecraft indicates that there must not be too much sentiment should not be considered in the context of women education.Wollstonecraft points out to women who tend to acquire a certain artificial mode of behavior because of popular sentiment as to how they should behave. These people under the cloud of sentiment tend to lose their original powers of thinking. â€Å"The greater numbers of people take their opinions on trust to avoid the trouble of exercising their own minds, and these indolent beings naturally adhere to the letter, rather than the spirit of a law, divine or human† (Woll stonecraft, 185).She says it’s because of their foolish sentiment that makes them fear the â€Å"eye of man†. Their sentiment based behavior is based on having a good reputation and not because of chastity or other virtues. To prove the above conclusion, Wollstonecraft cites the examples of affairs that married women of high class society indulge in, and contrasts it to the degradation suffered by a young woman in love. This is mainly because of the sentiment that married women have good reputation.The respect for the sentiment of the world has, however, been termed the principal duty of woman in the most express words, for Rousseau declares, ‘that reputation is no less indispensable than chastity. According to Wollstonecraft, â€Å"A sentiment that often exists unsupported by virtue, unsupported by that sublime morality which makes the habitual breach of one duty a breach of the whole moral law† (Wollstonecraft, 197). Thus, according to the author, sentim ent should be one that is supported by virtue and values. Only such sentiment based on values can lead to morality and truly great character. This value-based sentiment can be had only through education and a thinking mind, which is why the author supports the right of women to education.The author also points to the fact that the sentimental image of a woman is provided through novels. She feels that women rights in particular write works of fiction that are all steeped in sentimental jargon, which tend to corrupt the mind and the heart. The female characters are often stereotyped and shown as submissive and having no thinking brain of their own. Women writers tend to prefer unnatural sentimental flights of fantasy in their works and in the process they create damaging stereotypes.   Wollstonecraft complains of Elizabeth Inchbald's A Simple Story (1791).She points out that all female writers tend to give a sanction to the libertine reveries of men, poison the minds of their own s ex, and strengthen a male prejudice that makes women systematically weak? Contrary to sentimental novels, novels of sensibility matter because they shape behavior and serve as an index to broader cultural ills. Woman is â€Å"made by her education â€Å"the slave of sensibility,† Wollstonecraft observes (174). She holds that novels, music, poetry, and gallantry make women â€Å"creatures of sensation† (78) through their sentimental content. Thus she holds that sentimental stereotypes of women tend to create emotional women: â€Å"All their thoughts turn on things calculated to excite emotion; and feeling, when they should reason, their conduct is unstable, and their opinions wavering† (77). She says that education that tends to inflame the passions must indeed be miserable. Education should strengthen the passions and not inflame them.The sentiment of being always a woman is the â€Å"very consciousness that degrades the sex† (135). Here, Wollstonecraft points out the subtle connection between emotion and reason. She agrees that a man, or a woman, of any feeling, must always wish to convince a beloved object that it is the caresses of the individual, not the sex, that are received and returned with pleasure; and, that the heart, rather than the senses, is moved. â€Å"Without this natural delicacy, love becomes a selfish personal gratification that soon degrades the character† (135). She carries the sentiment still further.She says, affection can justify many personal gestures, but accepting liberal gestures in the name of gallantry is despicable. â€Å"When a man squeezes the hand of a pretty woman, handing her to a carriage, whom he has never seen before, she will consider such an impertinent freedom in the light of an insult, if she has any true delicacy, instead of being flattered by this unmeaning homage to beauty† (135). The understanding can come only by eradication of sentimental notions. She questions Roussea u as to how he can expect women to be virtuous and constant when reason is not the foundation of their character or truth the pursuit of their inquiries.Wollstonecraft opines that women must try to improve their character but they cannot do this as long as they are attached to their sentiments. They need to â€Å"curb the wild emotions that agitate a reed, over which ever passing breeze has power?† (28). According to the author, love, the common passion replaces choice and reason with chance and sensation. This passion however subsides like a fever once the security of marriage sets in. On the other hand, reasoning can allow a man and woman to enjoy the calm tenderness of friendship and the confidence of respect.Underlining the fleeting nature of love, eloquently Wollstonecraft says: â€Å"Passions are spurs to action, and open the mind; but they sink into mere appetites, become a personal and momentary gratification when the object is gained, and the satisfied mind rests in enjoyment† (28). She even says wickedly, that â€Å"caresses which should excite confidence in his children are lavished on the overgrown child, his wife† (28) thereby indicating in a subtle manner that all emotions only serve in keeping her stagnant at her childhood state of mind.She describes the sentiment of a woman as the outcome of â€Å"a mistaken education, a narrow uncultivated mind, and many sexual prejudices† (31) that tend to keep a woman loyal to her husband; if sentiments were to rule, she says, life is better spent in eating drinking and loving. But then, it is only a fleeting shadow. She says that reasoning should be able subside love into friendship. But here, the author clarifies that she does not allude to romantic passion which cannot be clipped, but rather she refers to the small enjoyments of life.Thus we find that the book â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman† is one that surpasses the test of time. Women today still remain tie d to their emotions either by choice or by society. This makes the book relevant even in the modern day context. A revolutionary figure in a revolutionary time, Wollstonecraft took up and lived out not only the liberal call for women's educational and moral equality, but also virtually all of the other related, violently contested questions of the 1790s– questions pertaining to the principles of political authority, tyranny, liberty, class, sex, marriage, childrearing, property, prejudice, reason, sentimentality, promises, suicide, to mention only a few. Clearly, she struck many a raw nerve and faced huge opposition. That her views are relevant till today, mark Wollstonecraft and her book as classics in feminist literature. The book is a must read for anyone interested in the history of feminism. Bibliography:Wollstonecraft, Mary (1792). A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.

Backgrounder to Deputy Minister

This pilot project was launched on January 7, 2007. Taking into consideration the relentless criticism in important newspapers, magazines and TV channels, about the alarming increase in the drug demand level among both male and female high school students, a Committee was appointed by the Social Justice and Empowerment Ministry to initiate the modalities of Awareness Campaign with the active co-operation of School Managements.The Ministry, instead of taking direct responsibility for implementation of the project, created a special fund with an initial contribution $ 50,000 for contingent grants and selected two NGOs for implementation of the project. The issue presented before the NGOs was simple and direct. â€Å"Can the Awareness Campaigns deliver tangible results in the area of drug demand reduction? † The problem and the scenario: This is the first of its kind familiarization program conducted for the benefit of the representatives of the NGOs.The objective is to train the traianers from the point of view of this Awareness Campaign. The NGOs selected have the experience and expertise of working among the drug addicts, for over a decade. Five representatives from each NGO attended the session, one of them was the Chief Coordinator, and the rest were field level personnel. The guideline /handouts specially drafted by the Implementation Committee constituted by the Ministry for the training course were given to them. There are twenty four High schools in the District â€Å"A† selected for the program.Each NGO was allotted 12 Schools. The above initiative was in response to the directions of the Cabinet to the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. This time-bound program is directed to be completed within a period of three months. The Deputy Minister of the Department was asked to personally monitor the program and present the report within the time stipulated. The strong reason for associating NGOs is: By experience it is observed that drug demand reduction is mainly a socio-spiritual initiative.The typical government approach bogged down to procedures, did not deliver the results in the past. a) Making the Deputy Minister take direct responsibility of this important social issue: According to the inputs before the Cabinet, the situation relating to the drug scenario in the schools has been alarming. Very inconvenient questions were raised in the Parliament about Government’s lethargy in not properly addressing the issue. The need for a sense of destination and direction to the combustible school-going generation in this age group was felt by the members of the Parliament.On a careful study of the scenario, the following reasons were cited by a Committee specially constituted by the Ministry to send the report to the Cabinet. What are the reasons for such moral collapse of the youngsters at the formative stage of their life? Five major issues were cited: a) Economic prosperity. The children get more than requir ed pocket money. The reasons and sources for children having more cash than is necessary for their normal needs however could not be ascertained. The students were not willing to share this information with the counseling team.b) The friendship-net of the drug-addicts is fast expanding. The teachers are afraid to take strong action against the students lest they will be charged under the various provisions of the Child Abuse Act. c) The same was the issue with the parents. In a few cases the children had initiated legal action against the parents under the above Act. d) With the divorce rate touching 55%, every second family was a broken family. Denied of love in the house and in the absence of a happy social interaction with the immediate family members, children looked out for other sources of enjoyment.e) The peer-pressure of the senior students was too much to resist. In some cases, the senior students did not hesitate to take recourse to coercive methods to drag the unwilling f riends to the drug joints. Deputy Minister’s accountability: â€Å"Deputy ministers are accountable to their Ministers, and to the Prime Minister through the Clerk of the Privy Council. (4) Deputy ministers are also accountable to the Public Service Commission and the Treasury Board for authorities directly delegated or assigned to them relating to financial and human resource management.(5) One of the Deputy Minister’s fundamental responsibilities is to support the Minister’s accountability to Parliament. Deputy Ministers and other departmental officials appear before parliamentary committees on behalf of their minister by answering questions and providing information, but they explain rather than defend or debate policies. Public servants do not have a public voice, or identity, distinct from their minister; they are anonymous. †(The Accountability†¦. ) The Deputy Minister has the dual responsibility in implementing the program.Even though the init ial grant of $50,000 was made available by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (the Deputy Minister’s own Ministry), further grants totaling to $ 5,000,000, for the broad implementation of the project all over the State were due shortly from the Finance Ministry, to be disbursed in two monthly installments. â€Å"As noted earlier, Deputy Ministers are assigned specific powers directly or through the Treasury Board under certain provisions of key acts of public administration without reference to their Minister.Specifically, the Financial Administration Act confers directly on Deputy Minister’s responsibility for the prudent management of resources allocated to their department, in compliance with certain Treasury Board policies, regulations, standards, and periodic audits. Responsibility relating to personnel management, including appointment, employer-employee relations, and the organization of the department, are assigned to deputy ministers directly by a number of acts†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Review of†¦)Therefore, the Deputy Ministers have multiple accountabilities. To their Minister and the various Statutory Commissions constituted by the Government for controlling. But the Minister of the Department is the immediate and legal boss and he is answerable to the Minister, as for the general Management of the Department. The Deputy Minister needs to control and ensure that appropriate systems, management processes and instruments are maintained properly so that the performance monitoring goes on smoothly.The role of the Internal audit system for inspection and evaluation is very important and the surprise element of deployment of the staff designated for the purpose helps for a neat and clean administration. Irregularities and malpractices in the disbursement of financial allocations/grants need to be reported to the Deputy Minister well in time, for timely action. In the present case†¦. The Awareness Campaign conducted by the two N GOs had salutary effect on the students. Stunning facts came to the light that about 45-50% of the girl students, smoked, took alcohol and drugs. The percentage among the boys was about 70%.Mostly it was peer pressure, and as found during the Campaign, secret drug joints functioned in the vicinity of the educational institutions. Some peddlers visited the students at conspicuous places nearby on fixed days of the week. But the contents of the Awareness Campaign, lectures on the harmful effects of drugs, practical demonstration through slides/video/audio etc. had desired effects on majority of the students. Many openly declared that they were quite ignorant about the drastically damaging effects on health, by intoxication. Some students volunteered to attend counseling classes at the offices of the NGOs on regular basis.Such awareness campaigns have created highly positive effects on the impressionist minds of the youth. The above observations will place the Deputy Minister in a stro ng position to recommend to the Finance Minister for release of the intended grant of $ 5,000,000 for conduction of such Awareness Campaigns as a matter of policy, all over the State. For one round of Awareness Campaign consisting of two lectures on two altenative dates, expenses devolved are $ 1000, per day. An ad-hoc department is created in the Ministry by transferring suitable senior personnel on deputation basis and junior staff by fresh appointment.A skeleton Section has been formed to look after the immediate administrative needs. The priority of this Ministry is to build up diligent cadres who have a high sense of responsibility in relation to ethical morality. To involve in Awareness Campaigns related to drug demand reduction, one needs to develop missionary zeal. One needs to have a vision, not the legal government-employee relationship only. By saving one individual from deep drug addiction, an entire generation is rehabilitated. Conclusion: Can the Awareness Campaigns de liver tangible results in the area of drug demand reduction?The answer is in the positive. In view of the social conditions obtaining today, when the children are not assured the love they desire and deserve from the parents, due to reasons mentioned above, the School seems to be the place where they can get life-building exercises and lessons. Some of the reformed students have volunteered to actively participate and don the role of reformers, for the benefit of children in other schools. This is a highly positive development. It is now proved beyond doubt that holistic approach to cure drug addicts gives permanent results and the chances of relapse are minimal.So, the intended policy of the Government to associate NGOs that have the socio-spiritual approach, seems to be sound and adoption of this system is throughy recommended. ————— References Cited: Article: The Accountability of Deputy Ministers before Parliament (PRB-05-48E). www. parl. gc. c a/information/library/PRBpubs/prb0548-e. htm – 29k Article: Review of the Responsibilities and Accountabilities of Ministers †¦ This is the general accountability of deputy ministers to the Treasury Board†¦ www. tbs-sct. gc. ca/report/rev-exa/ar-er04_e. asp – 21k